Μάθημα 15 (=lesson 15)

Μάθημα 15 (=lesson 15)

            The greek definite article differs according to the gender, the number,

            and the case.

Αρσενικό (masculine)

            Ενικός αριθμός (Singular)                  Πληθυντικός αριθμός (Plural)

            Oνομαστική (Nominative):                Oνομαστική (Nominative):

                        ο                                                         οι

            Γενική (Genitive):                              Γενική (Genitive):

                        του                                                     των

            Aιτιατική (Accusative):                      Aιτιατική (Accusative):

                        τον                                                      τους

Θηλυκό (feminine)

            Ενικός αριθμός (Singular)                  Πληθυντικός αριθμός (Plural)

            Oνομαστική (Nominative):                Oνομαστική (Nominative):

                        η                                                         οι

            Γενική (Genitive):                              Γενική (Genitive):

                        της                                                      των

            Aιτιατική (Accusative):                      Aιτιατική (Accusative):

                        τη(ν)                                                   τις

            Οrthography rule:

The feminine singular definite article in accusative is written and pronounced like τη or την. It depends on the first letter of the following word. If the first

            letter of the following word is a vowel or one of the following consonants

             κ, π, τ, ψ, ξ, or one consonant combination μπ, ντ, γκ, τζ, τσ , then we

            write and pronounce a –ν at the end of the aricle (την).

            την αλήθεια

            την πεταλούδα

            When the first letter of the following word is one of the other consonants

            then we don’t put a –ν at the end of the article (τη).

            τη μαμά

            τη γάτα

            τη θάλασσα

Ουδέτερο (neutral)

            Ενικός αριθμός (Singular)                  Πληθυντικός αριθμός (Plural)

            Oνομαστική (Νominative):                Oνομαστική (Nominative):

                        το                                                       τα

            Γενική (Genitive):                              Γενική (Genitive):

                        του                                                     των

            Aιτιατική (Accusative):                      Aιτιατική (Accusative):

                        το                                                       τα

            Ιmportant tip: We never put accent mark in definite articles, because

            we don’t put accent mark in one syllable words.

1.      We use the greek definite article when we talk about a person, an

            animal or an object which is known or has been previously introduced.

            Θα αγοράσω το αυτοκίνητο της Μαρίας (I will buy Maria’s car).

            We use definite article because we talk specifically about Maria’s car.

When we want to say generally that we will buy a car, then we don’t

            have to use article: Θα αγοράσω αυτοκίνητο.

            The second article of the sentence (της) is the feminine definite article

            in genitive (the car of Maria, Maria’s car). In Greek we usually use

            definite articles with main names.

            Ο Γιώργος είναι δάσκαλος (George is teacher).

            Aγαπώ τον Γιώργο (I love George).

2.      We use definite article when we talk generally about a group of

similar things.

 Ο σκύλος είναι ο πιο πιστός φίλος του ανθρώπου (Dog is man’s most

loyal friend).

Τα γλυκά μας παχαίνουν (Sweets fatten us). 

14ο μάθημα (lesson 14)

14^ο μάθημα (lesson 14)

 Greek verbs Orthography/Spelling rules:

1.      The first group verbs ending in –lo are written with double λ (lamda).

αναβάλλω:I postpone

αποβάλλω:I take off, I evict, I expel

καταβάλλω:I throw, I knock down, I overcome, I exhaust, I pay

προσβάλλω:I offend, I impair, I challenge

ανατέλλω:I rise, I appear, I dawn

αναγγέλλω:I announce, I notify, I make known

απαγγέλλω:I recite

αναστέλλω:I suspend, I restrain, I stop

Exceptions:

θέλω: I want

οφείλω:I owe

2.      Τhe first group verbs ending in –so are written with double σ (sigma).

αναπτύσσω:I unfold, I spread, I explain

εξελίσσω:I evolve

απαλλάσσω:I release, I exempt

υποτάσσω:I subdue, I subordinate, I subject

κατατάσσω:I classify, I sort, I grade, I enlist

συντάσσω:I compile, I draw up, I edit

Exception:

αρέσω: to be liked

3.      The first group verbs ending in –ino are written with ι, η, ει or υ.

We write with –ι the verbs:

δίνω:I give

κλίνω:I lean, I incline, I decline, I conjucate, I tend

πίνω:I drink

κρίνω:I judge, I consider, I criticize

We write with –η the verbs:

αφήνω: I let go f, I abandon, I leave, I let, I permit

σβήνω:I extinguish, I blow out, I erase, I strike out, I expunge

στήνω:I pitch, I stand s.b. up

Στήνω καβγά (Ι pick a quarrel).

Στήνω τον χορό (I start the dance).

Στήνω παγίδα (I set a trap).

ψήνω: I bake, I roast, I grill, I barbecue

We write with –ει the verbs:

κλείνω: I close, I conclude, I switch off

Kλείνω το θέμα (I close the subject).

Kλείνω την κυκλοφορία (I block the traffic).

Κλείνω το μάτι (I wink).

Κλείνω συνθήκη (I conclude a treaty).

Κλείνω τον δρόμο (I bar the way).

Κλείνω το φως (I switch off the light).

τείνω: to be inclined, I have a tendency.

προτείνω:I propose, I suggest, I offer

εντείνω:I strain, I stretch, I intensify

We write with –υ the verbs:

αμβλύνω: I blunt, I dull

απευθύνω:I address, I direct

απομακρύνω:I remove, I send away, I discharge, I dismiss

βαρύνω:I weigh, I press, I become heavy, I feel heavy

γδύνω:I strip, I undress

διευθύνω:I direct, I manage

ενθαρρύνω:I encourage, I support

ευκολύνω:I facilitate, I make easy

κατευθύνω:I direct, I head to, I guide

λύνω:I untie, I unfasten, I unloose, I dismantle, I solve

μεγεθύνω:I enlarge, I magnify

μολύνω:I infect, I pollute

ντύνω:I dress, I cover

ξύνω:I scratch, I sharpen

παροτρύνω:I urge, I promt, I goad

φτύνω:I spit, I spit out

χύνω:I pour, I shed, I spill