The words πως and πώς.

The words πως and πώς.

Lesson 46.

            In the last lesson we talked about the difference between the words ότι and ό,τι

            and we learnt that we can use instead of the conjuction ότι the conjuction πως

            without accent mark. Today we learn the difference between the words πως

and πώς.

The word πως is an one syllable word and according to the rules we’ve learnt,

we don’t put accent mark to one syllable words, but the word πως is one of

the exceptions.

The word πως without accent mark is a conjuction introducing a dependent

clause. When the conjuction πως introduces a dependent clause, the verb of

the independent sentence is a verb of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing

(you can find the most popular of them in our last lesson).

For example:

Ο Δημήτρης είπε πως θα έρθει στο σπίτι μου απόψε (Dimitris said that he will

come to my home tonight).

Πιστεύω πως το φετινό καλοκαίρι θα είναι πολύ ζεστό (I believe that this

year’s summer will be very hot).

Θεωρώ πως πρέπει να είσαι πιο ευγενικός με τους πελάτες μας (I consider/

I think that you have to be more polite with our customers).

Ξέρεις πως δεν τρώω κρέας (You know that I don’t eat meat).

Also we can use the conjuction πως after an impersonal phrase:

Είναι γνωστό πως……./it is known that…..

Είναι σίγουρο πως……/it is sure that….

Είναι βέβαιο πως……./it is certain that….

Or after phrases like:

Έχω τη γνώμη πως…../I have the opinion that/ I think that….

Έχω την πληροφορία πως…./I have the information that…..

Είμαι σίγουρος/ σίγουρη πως…../I am sure that……

The word πώς with accent mark is a question word.

Πώς είσαι; / How are you?

Πώς θα μαγειρέψεις το κοτόπουλο;/ how will you cook the chicken?-with which way?

So, the word πώς    with accent mark is a question word introducing an independent interrogative sentence.

But the word πώς is not stressed only when we have a direct question. The word πώς introduces dependent clauses as well.

For example:

Πώς μπορώ να πάω στο βυζαντινό μουσείο;/ How can i go to the byzantine

museum?

Mια γυναίκα ρωτάει πώς μπορεί να πάει στο βυζαντινό μουσείο./A woman is

asking how she can go to the byzantine museum. Here the word πώς with

accent mark is an adverb introducing a dependent clause which is the object

of the independent sentence’s verb.

When the adverb πώς introduces a dependent clause the verb of the independent sentence is a verb like:

ρωτάω/ ρωτώ: I ask

απορώ: I wonder

λέω: I say

εξηγώ: I explain

δείχνω: I show

μαθαίνω: I learn/ I hear

μαντεύω: i guess

Η Μαρία μού είπε πώς να έρθω./Maria told me how to come.

Ο Κώστας μού εξήγησε πώς έγινε το ατύχημα./ Κostas explained to me how

the accident happened.

Έδειξα στην Αριάδνη πώς μαγειρεύεται ο μουσακάς./ Ι showed to Ariadni how mousakas is cooked.

Μάντεψε πώς λέγεται η κόρη της Μαρίας./ Guess how Maria’s daughter is called/which is her name.

Conclusion:

Μου είπε πως έγινε ένα ατύχημα./He/ She told me that an accident happened.

When we can replace the conjuction πως with the conjuction ότι without comma, then we have to write it without accent mark.

Μου είπε πως έγινε ένα ατύχημα/ Μου είπε ότι έγινε ένα ατύχημα.

Μου είπε πώς έγινε το ατύχημα/ He/ She told me how the accident happened.

We know that we have to write the word πώς with accent mark when we can take the dependent clause and make an independent interrogative sentence/ a direct question.

Μου είπε πώς έγινε το ατύχημα. / Πώς έγινε το ατύχημα;    

The small words ό,τι and ότι.

The small words ό,τι and ότι.

Lesson 45

            Today we will talk about the words ότι and ό,τι.

            Τhe word ότι without comma is a conjuction introducing a dependent

            sentence, a sentence incapable of standing alone as a complete sentence.

            When the conjuction ότι without comma introduces a dependent sentence,

            the verb of the independent sentence is in general a verb of saying, showing,

            perceiving, knowing. The most popular of them are:

            ξέρω: I know

            γνωρίζω:  I know

            νομίζω: I think

            θεωρώ: I consider

            πιστεύω: I believe

            υποθέτω: I suppose

            λέω: I say

            αναφέρω: I mention

            γράφω: I write

            διαβάζω: I read

            μαθαίνω: I learn/I hear

            ειδοποιώ: I notify, I inform

            καταλαβαίνω: I understand

            ανακοινώνω: I announce

            αντιλαμβάνομαι: I perceive

            δείχνω: I show

            βλέπω: I see

            νιώθω: I feel

            παρατηρώ: I notice, I observe

            Also we can use the conjuction ότι without comma after an impersonal phrase:

            Είναι γνωστό ότι……/It is known that……

            Είναι βέβαιο ότι……./It is certain that….

            Or after phrases like:

            Είμαι σίγουρος ότι……./I am sure that……

            Έχω την πληροφορία ότι……/I have the information that…..

            Έχω τη γνώμη ότι…../I have the opinion that……

So, the conjuction ότι without comma can be translated into English like

“that”. Let’s see some examples:

Ξέρω ότι δε μ’αγαπάς/I know that you don’t love me.

We can use instead of the conjuction ότι without comma, the conjuction πως

without accent mark. Ξέρω ότι δε μ’αγαπάς/I know that you don’t love me.

Nομίζω ότι ο Κώστας χρειάζεται τη βοήθειά σου/Νομίζω πως ο Κώστας

χρειάζεται τη βοήθειά σου./I think that Kostas needs your help.

The word ό,τι with comma is a relative pronoun introducing relative

dependent sentences and it means οτιδήποτε (whatever,anything).

For example:

Θα μαγειρέψω ό, τι θέλεις./ I will cook whatever you want.

Όταν κάποιος είναι πλούσιος μπορεί να αγοράσει ό, τι θέλει/When someone

is rich he can buy whatever he wants.

Δεν μπορείς να επιστρέφεις στο σπίτι ό, τι ώρα θέλεις./You can not come

back home any time/ whenever you want.

So the word ότι without comma is a conjuction which means “that” and we

can use instead of it the conjuction πως without accent mark.

The word ό, τι with comma is a relative pronoun and we can use instead of

it the word οτιδήποτε which means “whatever”.      

Αόριστος/Simple Past tense in Greek. Part 3.

Αόριστος/Simple Past tense in Greek. Part 3.

Lesson 44

            In today’s lesson we will learn how to form the Αόριστος tense of the verbs

            ending in Ενεστώτας (Present tense) in –εύω. We learnt that the active verbs

            ending in Present tense in –εύω are written with –ευ (epsilon-ipsilon). There

            is only one exception, the verb κλέβω (I steal), which is written with –β (veta).

            The verbs ending in Present tense in –εύω (or –έβω), have in Simple Past

            tense a –ψ (psi). The Present tense’s –εύω, becomes in Αόριστος tense –ψα.

            Τhe steps we have to follow to form the Simple Past tense of these verbs:

1.      We remove from the Present tense’s first singular person the last two

letters.

2.      We add the consonant –ψ.

3.      We add the Simple Past tense’s personal endings.

4.      We put the accent mark in the third from the end syllable.

For example:

δουλεύω (I work)

1.      δουλε-

2.      δουλε-ψ-

3.      δουλε-ψ-α

4.      δούλεψα

χορεύω (I dance)

1.      χορε-

2.      χορε-ψ-

3.      χορε-ψ-α

4.      χόρεψα

μαγειρεύω (I cook) – μαγείρεψα

πιστεύω (I believe) – πίστεψα

λατρεύω (I adore) – λάτρεψα

ταξιδεύω (I travel) – ταξίδεψα

In this group of verbs there are some exceptions, a few verbs ending in Present

tense in –εύω, which in Αόριστος tense end in –εύσα.

What we have to do with these verbs is:

1.      To remove from the Present tense’s first singular person the last syllable,

the vowel –ω (omega).

2.      To add to the stable part of the verb the consonant –σ (sigma).

3.      To add the Simple Past tense’s personal endings.

4.      To put the accent mark in the third from the end syllable.

For example:

εκπαιδεύω (I educate, I teach, I train)

1.      εκπαιδεύ-

2.      εκπαιδευ – σ-

3.      εκπαιδευ – σ – α

4.      εκπαίδευσα

Τwo other verbs which in Simple Past tense end in –ευσα, are:

μεταναστεύω (I emigrate) – μετανάστευσα

ερμηνεύω (I interpret) – ερμήνευσα   

 

Αόριστος
εγώ	χόρεψα	πίστεψα	ερμήνευσα	λάτρεψα
εσύ	χόρεψες	πίστεψες	ερμήνευσες	λάτρεψες
αυτός/αυτή αυτό	χόρεψε	πίστεψε	ερμήνευσε	λάτρεψε
εμείς	χορέψαμε	πιστέψαμε	ερμηνεύσαμε	λατρέψαμε
εσείς	χορέψατε	πιστέψατε	ερμηνεύσατε	λατρέψατε
αυτοί/αυτές/ αυτά	χόρεψαν/ χορέψανε	πίστεψαν/ πιστέψανε	ερμήνευσαν/ ερμηνεύσανε	λάτρεψαν/ λατρέψανε